The Social Determinants Of Health - 1194 Words

Norma James is a 65 years old widow who lives alone. Mrs. James has a medical history of Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension and has also been diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. Mrs. James has been a smoker since her 20s and smokes about a  ½ pack of cigarettes per day. She has two adult sons who lives far and has minimum contact with them. She does not work and has a very limited savings. She relies on Old Age Security Benefits for income. She has been living in the same neighbourhood for years but has only few individuals who she considers friends. She prefers to spend her time alone at home watching television, reading or watching over her six cats. Social Determinants of Health are conditions such as living conditions or environments one has experienced while living their life and how that affects one’s health (Mikkonen, J., Raphael, D., 2010). In this case study of Norma James presented above, the three Social Determinants of Health (DOH) relevant to this case study are Income and Income Distribution, Health Services and Social Safety Net. The following of the paper will discuss the three DOH’s relevant to Mrs. James and how they are affecting her. The first DOH that is relevant to the case study of Mrs. James is Income and Income Distribution. Out of the fifteen DOH’s Income and Income Distribution is considered the most important (Kozier et al, 2014). With a low or high income, one’s ability to purchase food, shelter, and other essential health requirementsShow MoreRelatedThe Social Determinants Of Health1623 Words   |  7 PagesStress has been identified as one of the social determinants of health. It has different meanings in various contexts, so a proper definition will give a good insight of the term.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress can be defined as a state of emotional or mental disturbance resulting from adverse or demanding conditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stress can also be defined as a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that causes bodily or mental disturbance and could be a causal in disease formation. StressesRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health981 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first time. The social determinants of health most likely had an impact on the life expectancy of the vulnerable populations (Gupta, 2004). Applying the primary health care principles such as equity, cultural competence, community participation and maximum self-reliance, health promotion and disease prevention, access to health services and resource, use of acceptable technology and involvement of government departments to Mrs Azizi’s care will reduce the prevalence of health inequities amongstRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1377 Words   |  6 Pages A group of fellow students and my self conducted a public health walk in the area of hackney borough. Our aim was to observe the community and how their surroundings affected their health. On 4th November 2014, we met at 10am and started our walk at St. Johns church. Prior to this day we met up to plan on our walk and how we will conduct it. While on our walk we observed how diverse and cultural the area was, we observed the people socialising in the street, the services available for these peopleRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1306 Words   |  6 PagesConditions of birth and people’s growth, lifestyles, occupations and age strongly influence their health. This essay focuses on children between the ages of zero to 19 and examines what the social determinants of health are. Firstly, it attempts to analyse poverty, family violence, addiction and the impacts on the health of younger New Zealanders who are exposed to those determinants. Secondly, strategies, initiative s and prevention services are identified at national, regional and local levels toRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health And Health898 Words   |  4 PagesMental health outcomes vary differently by socioeconomic location for women and men. It is important to critically analyze the various social locations that low-income women living with mental health concerns are currently occupying. These women are occupying these social locations because of the structural inequities that they encounter in relation to their experiences with the social determinants of health. Explanatory frameworks are used to illustrate the relationship between the social determinantsRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health1170 Words   |  5 PagesSocial determinants of health are social, economic and physical factors that affect the health of individuals in any given population. There are fourteen social determinants of health but Income is perhaps the most important of these because it shapes l iving conditions, influences health related behaviors, and determines food security. In Canada, people with lower incomes are more susceptible to disease/ conditions, higher mortality rate, decreased life expectancy and poorer perceived health thanRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1458 Words   |  6 Pagesknown as the social determinants of health; the central claim arising from this research is that â€Å"various social factors have a strong influence on population health and on inequalities in health outcomes across social groups†. (Preda Voigt, 2015) Social determinants of health are conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. Conditions such as social, economicRead MoreThe Social Determinants Of Health1555 Words   |  7 Pages After so, this contact decimated every aspect of the Indigenous way of life. The health and well-being of Indigenous people initiated to worsen severely not only in the physical aspect but also mental. According to National Household Survey conducted in 2011, 1,400,685 people have been identified as being a member of one of the Aboriginal groups within Canada. Within these Aboriginal groups, critical mental health issues such as major depression, anxiety, suicidal thoughts, substance abuse disorderRead MoreSocial determinants of health1076 Words   |  5 PagesHealth starts in our homes, workplaces, schools and communities. Most of us may think that the state of health is determined by our own behaviors and we are taking the initiatives in taking care of ourselves. By having a balanced diet, getting enough rest, exercising, not taking alcohols and smoking, receiving recommendation of preventive vaccine injection and screening tests, and seeing a doctor when we are sick, these behaviors all have great impact on our health. However, social determinants whichRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health And Health873 Words   |  4 Pages Better research on immigrant health and health outcomes would go a long way to shining a light on how to tackle these problems. The current debate in the research concentrates on social determinants of health such as acculturation, which of course influences a lot of other health and healthcare decisions made by immigrants. However, only focusing on social determinants of health undermines the importance of other factors that also heavily affect immigrant health in the United States. Specifically

Evolution Is It Really A Theory - 834 Words

Evolution, is it really a theory? I’ll let you decide. My job is to give you some evidence on evolution. A few nice examples of proof of evolution are, DNA Sequences, Anatomical structures, embryological developement, analogous structures, and fossil records. What is Evolution? Evolution is â€Å"the process by which different kinds of living organisms are thought to have developed and diversified from earlier forms during the history of the earth.† (oxforddictionaries) The evolutional theory has many sources of proof. Starting with DNA Sequences. How scientists can infer that animal are have a common ancestor by DNA sequences. In DNA sequences scientists look at the patterns and common genes that appear in animals that they have in common to see if far down the road they had a common ancestor. A common ancestor can also lead to something like a Homologous structure. A homologous structure is a structure that animals have in common. For an example, humans, bats, rabbits, frogs, penguins, they have a similar arm bone structure.(evolution.berkeley) Homologous structures could be evidence of common ancestry, and common DNA Sequences for skeletal structure. Animals that have a common DNA sequences could end up with the same bones but built slightly different. If you already have DNA and it causes no problems what would be the point of completely rewriting the DNA code when you already have a working code?(icr) A very big evidential proof of genetic variation, or evolution, is embryoShow MoreRelatedContradiction Between the Theory of Evolution and the Bible947 Words   |  4 Pageswho founded the theory of evolution and changed the way we think about the natural world. Darwin was born on February 12, 1809 and lived during the Industrial Revolution. As a child, Darwin initially planned to become a doctor, but his plan terminated when he joined the five year expedition on the survey ship, the HMS Beagle, in 1831. In the expedition, Darwin developed a theory and published a book call The Origin of Species. This book was the beginning of what we know about evolution, and it was controversialRead MoreToday’S Lesson Will Be.... . The Class Takes Their Seats,1522 Words   |  7 Pagesbegin speaking, his shoulders blocking the explanation he has written. The classroom has been a place for creationists and evolutionist to bloody their double edged swords of theory and conviction for years. With both sides climbing atop the graves of scientists that have researched under the banner of either creation, or evolution. The discussion can be a rigid one. Each fight for the throne; firing facts, statistics, opinions, and observations across enemy lines. Before we step into the classroom,Read MoreDoes the Theory of Evolution Contradict Creation?1326 Words   |  6 PagesEvolution of Darwin and christianity These days , a number of the view that the theory of evolution as formulated by Charles Darwin is not against religion . There also was not convinced that the theory of evolution but still also contribute in teaching and redistribute it . This would not have happened if they really understand the theory. This is due to the inability to understand the dogma of Darwinism , including the views of the most dangerous of these theories are indoctrinated to the societyRead MorePBS Special: The Great Works of Charles Darwin821 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral people came together to marvel in the great works of Charles Darwin and the scientific advancements that have really put his theory to the test. Many things have come about since Darwin proposed his ideas that both challenged and strengthened his ideas. Things like DNA and scientific technologies. Even though Darwin got the ball rolling for the theory of evolution he really did not fully grasp everything. He didn’t know exactly ho w it all worked mechanically. He was very good with his observationsRead MoreEssay on Creation vs. Evolution1348 Words   |  6 PagesCreation vs. Evolution Ever since the publication of Charles Darwins The Origin of Species was published there has been an ongoing debate between science and religion. Scientists have formulated many theories as to the origins of man and to the creation of the earth, whereas religious groups have one main creation theory, based on the Genesis story of The Bible. These theories, however, are not the cause of the debate because the different theories are simply myths meantRead More Gradualism Versus Punctuationism Essay831 Words   |  4 Pagesdivided on the issues surrounding evolutionary theory, a close look at the evidence suggests that both the gradualist school of thought and the punctuationist school of thought share many characteristics in common. This is especially true when evaluating their beliefs about the fossil record, disagreement with the theory of saltation, and the misinterpretation of the word â€Å"rapid† in terms of punctuationist theory. Although this may be the case, the two theories do diverge on one important point, the notionRead MoreThe Church Of Liberalism By Ann Coulter1729 Words   |  7 Pageshow teachers are the saints for leftists and schools are like churches of socialism. Then Coulter states that educators are indoctrinating students with false beliefs in evolution and turning children away from Christianity. Finally, Coulter attempts to disprove evolution a very s mall amount understanding of what evolution really is. In Godless: The Church of Liberalism, Coulter’s misunderstanding of the words she uses, abundance of logical fallacies, and structural problems lead to a book that doesRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Of Species1354 Words   |  6 Pagesquestion â€Å"where did we come from?† Darwin became the first scientist to present a supported argument for evolution, with his crowned publication, â€Å"Origins of Species†, describing how all species derived from a common ancestor and have randomly mutated over generations into their current state. Naturally, the church presented the theory of evolution with opposition, still supporting the creationism theory. The turn of the century came with major technological advances in the fields of genetics and biologyRead MoreEssay on Should Intelligent Design be Taught in Public Schools?1665 Words   |  7 Pagesof Species, which would introduce the seminal theory of evol ution to the scientific community. Over 150 years later, the majority of scientists have come to a consensus in agreement with this theory, citing evidence in newer scientific research. In an average high school biology classroom, one may imagine an instructor that has devoted much of his life to science and a predominantly Christian class of about twenty-five students. On the topic of evolution, one of the students might ask, â€Å"Why would GodRead MoreThe Scopes Trial And Creationism1053 Words   |  5 PagesCreationism and Evolution have always been a topic in America since the Scopes Trial. The Scopes Trial took place in 1928 when the Supreme Court was deciding whether schools should teach Evolution or Creationism. The foundation of evolution is based upon the belief that the origin of all ordered complex systems, including living creatures, can be explained by natural laws without the intervention of God. In that trial the Supreme Court came to a conclusion that Evolution wa s banned and that creationism

Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts Free Essays

INTRODUCTION Far – reaching changes have been taking place in the Indian economy during the recent past, consequents to the opening up of our economy through globalization and liberalization policies. The flood gates have been through thrown open to allow international competition for manufactured goods and as well as services, making it a question of survival of the fittest in any industry. In the present highly competitive economy, which can be called as Buyer’s market, it is the customer who wields full power. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts or any similar topic only for you Order Now He can make or wreck a company. No wonder that the collective battle cry from sales and marketing people, retailers, wholesalers and advertising wizards alike is now ‘Serve the customer’, or ‘Delight the customer’. The customer who was considered the ’King’ is now treated almost like ‘God’, emulating the highly successful marketing people of Japan. When consumer expectations become higher and higher, superior market driven strategies or customer driven strategies and their execution in the market are important. Companies have to be fully customer oriented to succeed in the present competitive scenario, and should â€Å"Think Customer†, â€Å"Live for Customer†, â€Å"Smell Customer†, and â€Å"Build Customer Relations†. MARKETING â€Å"Marketing is defined as a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and values with others†. – (PHILIP KOTLER 2007) THE AMERICAN MARKETING ASSOCIATION defines marketing as â€Å"Marketing is a performance of Business activities that directs the flow of goods and services from producer to customer or user†. These traditional definitions have undergone some changes and the new version is given as â€Å"Marketing is a societal process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering, and freely exchanging products and services of values with others†. Thus marketing is a communication channel through which the industry and consumers are communicated. MARKETING PLAN A marketing plan is a formal statement of a set of business goals, the reason why they are believed attainable, and the plan for reaching goals and the way of reaching to the customer about to their product. Business plans may target changes in perception and branding by the customer, client, tax- payer, or larger community. When managing a business, a business plan, or B-plan, is often confused with the term Marketing Plan. Marketing plans are decision-making tools. There is no fixed content for a marketing plan. Rather the content and format of the marketing plan is determined by the goals and audience. (Deboreh 2010) A marketing plan represents all aspects of business planning process; declaring vision and strategy alongside sub-plans to cover marketing, finance, operations, human resources as well as a legal plan, when required. For example, a business plan for a non-profit might discuss the fit between the business plan and the organization’s mission. Banks are quite concerned about defaults, so a business plan for a bank loan will build a convincing case for the organization’s ability to repay the loan. Venture capitalists are primarily concerned about initial investment, feasibility, and exit valuation. A business plan for a project required equity financing will need to explain why current resources, upcoming growth opportunities, and sustainable competitive advantage will lead to a high exit valuation. Preparing a Marketing plan draws on a wide range of knowledge from many different business disciplines: finance, human resource management, intellectual property management, supply chain management, operations management, and marketing among others. â€Å"A good Marketing plan can help to make a good business credible, understandable, and attractive to someone who is unfamiliar with the business. Writing a good Marketing plan can’t guarantee success, but it can go long way toward reducing the odds of failure†. THE MARKETING ORIENTATIONS OR CONCEPTS The marketing function or activities are conducted by various companies based on six alternative or orientations. They are: The Production Concept The Product Concept The Selling Concept The Marketing Concept The Customer Concept The Societal Marketing Concept The Production Concept The production Concept believes that consumers will favor products that are readily available at reasonable prices. Improvement in production and distribution efficiency will be the focus for managements under this concept. When the demand for a product exceeds the supply, manufacturers have too increase production. When the product’s cost is too high, the management has to bring it down to affordable levels. Production concept, though useful in some situations, could result in ‘Marketing Myopia’, according to Theodore Levitt. Companies following this concept focus too narrowly on their own activities and lose sight of the real objective of customer’s need satisfaction. The Product Concept The product concept believes that the consumers will favor products that offer the most in quality, performance innovative features. Continuous improvements in product and quality are essential for companies that follow the product concept. So, this concept may also lead to Marketing Myopia. The Selling Concept This concept believes that the consumers will not buy enough of the company’s products unless it undertakes pressure selling tactics and heavy promotion efforts. Buyers are believed to have a buying inertia. This concept is especially used for unsought goods which buyers do not think of buying, like cemetery plots, life insurance, etc. The Marketing Concept This concept believes that achieving the company’s objectives depends on understanding the needs wants of target markets and delivering the desired satisfaction in a better way than what the competitors are doing. The Customer Concept Many companies are today moving beyond the marketing concept to the customer concept. These companies shape separate offers, services and messages to individual customers, based on their individual preferences. They hope to achieve profitable growth through capturing a larger share of each customer’s expenditures by building high customer’s loyalty and focusing on customer’s life time value. EXAMPLE: Barbie Dolls, Levi Strauss jeans, Dell Computers. The Societal Marketing Concept This concept believes that organizations should determine the needs, wants and interests of target markets. It should then deliver superior value to the customers in a way that maintains or improves the consumer’s and the society’s well being. Society (Human welfare, environment) Consumers (Needs, wants and Company (Sales volume, profits Satisfaction) and growth) MARKETING PLANNING PROCESS The marketing Planning process consists of the following activities: Analysing market opportunities Selecting target markets Developing the marketing mix Managing the marketing efforts. At the center of the process stand the consumers. The objective is to build a strong and profitable customer relationship. The first step is market segmentation, targeting and positioning, to customers the company should serve and how. This process identifies the total market, and then divides it into smaller segments. The next step is to design a marketing mix consisting of factors under its control like : I. Product II. Place III. Price IV. Promotion For identifying best marketing mix combination and to put into action, the company engages in the activities like: I. Marketing analysis II. Planning III. Implementation IV. Control activities With the help of these, the company watches adopt to the actors and forces in the marketing environment around it. Fig. The Marketing Planning Process 1, 2, 3,4 DENOTES: 1Marketing Intermediaries 3 Market planning 2 Marketing Control 4 Competitors DEVELOPMENT OF MARKETING MIX The marketing manager is a mixer of ingredients, according to JAMES CULLITON, a noted Marketing expert, who coined the expression,† Marketing Mix† â€Å"The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical, marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market† – (PHILIP KOTLER 2007) The marketing mix consists of the variables such as: Product Price Place Promotion These are well known as the Four P’s of Marketing as classified by McCarthy and this figure below gives clear description about the variables of marketing mix and its various tools. Place stands for the goods and services offered by a company to the target market, to satisfy needs and wants. Price refers to money value that the consumers have to pay to buy for the product or services. Promotion refers to the activities of Advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and communicating products benefits and attributes to target customers to persuade them to purchase. Place stands for physical distribution activities through which the products moves from the industry to the customers. To be successful, the marketing programmes have to blend the 4 variables into an ideal integrated action plan aimed at achieving the corporate objective. While the 4 P’s concepts relates to the sellers perspective of the market. The other P’s which are included as 7 P’s of marketing are: Packaging Positioning People Packaging is the fifth element of the marketing mix, which refers to the outer physical coverage of the product or the way in which your product is appearing outside. Positioning refers to the present position of our product among the consumers. â€Å"How they think about our companyWhat position does the concern have in the marketWhat is the customer’s perception towards our product in the market?† these questions should be answered in the case of positioning of a product in the market. People refers to both inside and outside people, the former refers to the employees of the industry and the later refers to the customers of our products and services, where they are considered as the important resources of marketing our goods and services. The 7 P’s are a useful framework for deciding how the company’s resources will be manipulated (strategically) to achieve the objectives. However, they are not the only framework, and may divert attention from the real issues. The focus of the strategies must be the objectives to be achieved – not process of planning itself. Only if it fits the needs of these objectives should you choose, as we have done, to use the framework of the 7 P’s. (Jackie 2010) The strategy statement can take the form of a purely verbal description of the strategic options which have been chosen. Thus these are the various tools and variables described under the marketing mix. THE MARKETING AND SALES PLANNING PROCESS Marketing process can be realized by the marketing mix in step 4. The last step in the process is the marketing controlling. In most organizations, â€Å"strategic planning† is an annual process, typically covering just the year ahead. Occasionally, a few organizations may look at a practical plan which stretches three or more years ahead. To be most effective, the plan has to be formalized, usually in written form, as a formal â€Å"marketing plan†. The essence of the process is that it moves from the general to the specific, from the vision to the mission to the goals to the corporate objectives of the organization, then down to the individual action plans for each part of the marketing program. It is also an interactive process, so that the draft output of each stage is cheeked to see what impact it has on the earlier stages, and is amended. TARGET MARKETING To define a target market for your business plan, you should research the potential buying audience for your product. This could range from millions of people if you are starting an online business, to a few thousand individuals if you are opening a retail store in a small town. If you are catering to the consumer market, narrow your potential customer base to a defined demographic group. By doing so, your business will not only be more attractive to investors, but you will have a much easier time compiling sales and marketing plan. Study your product or service and determine the most likely consumer. Define the age range, gender, marital status, and income level of the individual most likely to be your customer. Explain the motivations for purchasing your product or service. Is it a necessity or luxuryWhat value does this product bringIt’s best not to assume or guess. Use surveys, questionnaires, or secondary research to gather your demographic data. Once you have defined the target market: Explain the purchase habits of this demographic group. Show how your company will impact those purchase habits. Explain the motivation behind this demographic group and how you will help them meet their needs. Project future changes in this market. Indicate how you will meet their changing needs. Base your future projections on research and details from your findings. Make projection based on past buying habits, the average purchase amount, and other factors, such as your ability to make the products or services available. The more you know about this target market, the more confidence you will have in your sales projections. The same need to identify your target audience (business-to-consumer market) will also hold true if you are serving a business market (business-to-business market). You need to determine which companies will benefit from your products or services. Will you meet the needs of a specific industry or several industriesLarge or small businessesPublic or privately owned businessesDefine exactly the types of businesses that will buy our product or services and target them through your marketing efforts. Determine how you will reach your target market, i.e. online, by referral, by cold-calling. For more about learning about the customer you intend to pursue, read Use Demographics to Understand Your Target Market. Another way to look at target market is to consider how you are positioning your company and your products. Read â€Å"What’s Your Position in the Market?† to get the basics of this important but tricky concept. MARKETING PLANNING AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Behind the corporate objective, which in themselves offer the main context for the marketing plan, will lay the â€Å"corporate mission†, which in turn provides the context for these corporate objectives. In a sales-oriented organization, the marketing planning function designs incentive pay plans to not only motivate and reward frontline staff fairly but also to align marketing activities with corporate mission. This â€Å"corporate mission† can be thought of as a definition of what the organization is, of what it does: â€Å"our business is †¦Ã¢â‚¬  This definition should not be too narrow, or it will constrict the development of the organization; a too rigorous concentration on the view that â€Å"we are in the business of making meat-scales,† as IBM was during the early 1900s, might have limited its subsequent development into other areas. On the other hand, it should not be too wide or it will become meaningless: â€Å"we want to make a profit† is not too helpful in developing specific plans. Abell suggested that the definition should cover three dimensions: â€Å"customer groups† to be served, â€Å"customer needs† to be served, and â€Å"technologies† to be utilized. Thus, the definition of IBM’s â€Å"corporate mission† in the 1940s might well have been: â€Å"We are in the business of handling accounting information [customer need] for the larger US organizations [customer group] by means of punched cards [technology]†. (Karunakaran 2010) Perhaps the most important factor in successful marketing is the â€Å"corporate vision.† Surprisingly, it is largely neglected by marketing textbooks, although not by the popular exponents of corporate strategy-indeed, it was perhaps the main theme of the book by peters and waterman, in the form of their â€Å"Super ordinate Goals†. â€Å"in search of Excellence† said: â€Å"Nothing drives progress like the imagination. The idea precedes the deed.† if the organization in general, and its chief executive in particular, has a strong vision of where its future lies, then there is an good chance that the organization will achieve a strong position in its markets (and attain that future). This will be not least because its strategies will be consistent and will be supported by its staff at all levels. In this context, all of IBM’s marketing activities were underpinned by its philosophy of â€Å"customer service,† a vision originally promoted by the charismatic Watson dynasty. The emphasis at this stage is on obtaining a complete and accurate picture. A â€Å"traditional† – albeit product-based-format for a â€Å"brand reference book† (or, indeed, a â€Å"marketing facts book†) was suggested by Godley more than three decades ago: Financial data-facts for this section will come from management accounting, costing and finance sections. Product data-form production, research and development. Sales and distribution data-sales, packaging, distribution sections. Advertising, sales promotion, merchandising data-information from these departments. Market data and miscellany-form market research, who would in most cases act as a source for this information. His sources of data, however, assume the resources of a very large organization. In most organizations they would be obtained from a much smaller set of people (and not a few of them would be generated by the marketing manager alone). It is apparent that a marketing audit can be a complex process, but the aim is simple: â€Å"it is only to identify those existing (external and internal) factors which will have a significant impact on the future plans of the company.† It is clear that the basic material to be input to the marketing audit should be comprehensive. Accordingly, the best approach is to accumulate this material continuously, as and when it becomes available; since this avoids the otherwise heavy workload involved in collecting it as part of the regular, typically annual, planning process itself-when time is usually at a premium. Even so, the first task of this annual process should be to check that the material held in the current facts book or facts files actually is comprehensive and accurate, and can form a sound basis for the marketing audit itself. MARKETING PROGRAMS Marketing programs are the most important, practical outcome of the whole planning process. These plans must therefore be: Clear – They should be an unambiguous statement of ‘exactly’ what is to be done. Quantified – The predicted outcome of each activity should be, as far as possible, quantified, so that its performance can be monitored. Focused – The temptation to proliferate activities beyond the numbers which can be realistically controlled should be avoided. The 80:20 Rule applies in this context too. Realistic – They should be achievable. Agreed – Those who are to implement them should be committed to them, and agree that they are achievable. The resulting plans should become a working document which will guide the campaigns taking place throughout the organization over the period of the plan. If the marketing plan is to work, every exception to it (throughout the year) must be questioned; and the lessons learnt, to be incorporated in the next year’s planning. A marketing plan for a small business typically includes Small Business Administration Description of competitors, including the level of demand for the product or service and the strengths and weaknesses of competitors. Description of the product or service, including special features. Marketing budget, including the advertising and promotional plan Description of the business location, including advantages and disadvantages for marketing Pricing strategy Market segmentation Operational plan Operational plans are an important element of writing a business plan and they notify business assessors for how business owners are going to release product/services into the market. That’s why operational plans are also a very important part of writing a marketing plan. In simple words, operational plans help to understand ways for business reviewers, by which products are set to pass the production phase heading toward the targeted customers and these plans must be in the business plan outline. Operational plans are a usual phenomenon in a how to write a business plan, but they outline crucial answers basic questions as such: What are the daily activities of a business What is the raw material sources used How will the company or business use vendors and suppliers What are the labours requirements Who is the product supplier Operational plans need to ascertain the activities and finances for almost every section of the firm or business for the next 1 or 3 years. Operational plans also connect with intended plans and the activities that the business may deliver to its customer base. Good operational plans ought to include: Apparent target areas Preferred results A procedure to supervise growth execution schedules Employment and resource requirements Quality levels Finally, activities which a firm or business may deliver to its targeted customers. REFERENCES: Deboreh (2010) International journal of Market research, â€Å" Agenda Development for marketing research† vol 52, pp 339 – 362. Luan (june 2010) journal of marketing research, â€Å"Forecasting marketing mix responsiveness for new product† vol 47, pp 444 – 457. Karunakaran (2010) â€Å"Marketing Management† The Himalaya publishing house 1st edition pp256 philip kotler (2007) â€Å"Marketing Management† Analysis, planning, implementation and control 9th edition prentice hall, New jersey Baker, M., J.,Hart, S. (2007) the Marketing Book, (5TH edn.), Butterworth- Heinemann,UK. How to cite Marketing Planning, Orientations and Concepts, Essay examples

School Girls Essay Example For Students

School Girls Essay In the book School Girls by Peggy Orenstein, the focus is on young adolescent girls in middle school, and the effects that the Hidden Curriculum and other elements have on their self esteem. Hidden Curriculum teaches girls to value silence and compliance. (pg.35) The hidden curriculum is a theory that boys often get more attention than girls in the classroom, and that even if it is negative attention, the girls learn that they are not as important, and they eventually give up hope, and stop speaking out in class. Educators reward assertiveness and aggression over docility, the very behavior that is prized in girls becomes and obstacle to their success.(p. 36) This means that while girls are acting the way a teacher would like them to, the boys that are more aggressive get the attention, and the girls lose their self-esteem. Charles L. Richman found that high achieving white girls in particular are subject to unrealistic standards of success. When they fall short, they overgeneralized failures with an intense self-punitiveness; by late adolescence, their self-esteem has spiraled downward. (Pg.38)The focus of sexual harassment is a big one as well. Girls are not taught about sex and contraceptives, and therefore know nothing about their sexual selves. We consciously infuse girls with a sense of shame. (p.57) If we do not teach girls about their bodies, and teach them to be assertive, than sexual harassment will occur.As much as girls repress desire, they embrace desirability. (p.62) Bibliography: